next up previous
Next: About this document Up: No Title Previous: Acknowledgments

References

  1. Akam, M., I. Dawson and G. Tear 1988. Homeotic genes and the control of segment diversity. Development 104: 123-133.
  2. Alberch, P. 1983. Morphological variation in the neotropical salamander genus Bolitoglossa. Evolution 37: 906-919.
  3. Altenberg, L. 1985. Knowledge representation in the genome: new genes, exons, and pleiotropy, Genetics 110: s41.
  4. Altenberg, L. 1994. The evolution of evolvability in genetic programming. Pp 47-74 in K. E. Kinnear, ed. Advances in Genetic Programming. MIT Press, Cambridge.
  5. Altenberg, L. 1995a. The Schema theorem and the Price's theorem. Pp. 23-49 in D. Whiltley and M. D. Vose, eds. Foundations of Genetic Algorithms 3. MIT Press, Cambridge.
  6. Altenberg, L. 1995b. Genome growth and the evolution of the genotype-phenotype map. Pp. 205-259 in W. Banzhaf and F. H. Eeckman, eds. Evolution and Biocomputation. Computational Models of Evolution. New York. Springer Verl., Berlin, Heidelberg.
  7. Altenberg, L. and M. W. Feldman 1987. Selection, generalized transmission, and the evolution of modifier genes. I. The reduction principle. Genetics 117: 559-572.
  8. Banzhaf, W. 1994. Genotype-phenotype mapping and neutral variation - A case study in genetic programming. Pp. 322-332 in Y. Davidor, H.-P. Schwefel and R. MŠnner, eds. Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN III. Springer Verl., Berlin.
  9. Barton, N. H. And M. Turelli 1989. Evolutionary quantitative genetics: how little do we know? Ann. Rev. Genet. 23: 337-370.
  10. Bonner, J. T. 1988. The Evolution of Complexity. Princeton, NJ., Princeton University Press.
  11. Bossert, W. 1967. Mathematical optimization: are there abstract limits on natural selection? Pp. 35-40 in P. S. Moorhead and M. Kaplan, eds. Mathematical Challanges to the Neo-Darwinian intepretation of evolution. Wistar Inst. Press, Philadelphia.
  12. Bremermann, H. J., M. Rogson and S. Salaff 1966. Global properties of evolution processes. Pp. 3-41 in H. H. Pattee, E. A. Edelsack, L. Fein and A. B. Callahan eds. Natural Automata and Useful Simulations. DC, Macmillan Press, Washington.
  13. Bulmer, M. G. 1980. The Mathematical Theory of Quantitative Genetics. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
  14. Bürger, R. And R. Lande 1994. On the distribution of the mean and variance of a quantitative trait under mutation-selection-drift balance. Genetics 138:901-912.
  15. Bürger, R., G. P. Wagner and F. Stettinger 1989. How much heritable variation can be maintained in finite populations by mutation-selection balance? Evolution 43: 1748-1766
  16. Buss, L. W. 1987. The Evolution of Individuality. New York, Columbia University Press.
  17. Cheverud, J. And E. Routman 1995. Epistasis and its contribution to genetic variance components. Genetics 130: 1455-1461.
  18. Clayton, G. A. And A. Robertson 1955. Mutation and quantitative variation. Am. Nat. 89-151-159.
  19. Davidor, Y. 1991. Epistasis variance: A viewpoint on GA-hardness. Pp. 23-35 in G. J. E. Rawlins, ed. Foundations of Genetic Algorithms, Vol. 1. Morgan Kaufmann, San Marteo, CA.
  20. Eden, M. 1967. Inadequacies of neo-darwinian evolution as a scientific theory. Pp. 5-12 in P. Moorhead and M. Kaplan, ed. Mathematical Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian intepretation of evolution. Wistar Inst. Press. Philadelphia.
  21. Endler, J. A. 1986. Natural Selection in the Wild. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
  22. Eshel, I. 1973. Clone-selection and optimal rates of mutation. J. Applied Probability 10: 728-738.
  23. Falconer, D. S. 1981. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. 2Nd ed. New York, Langman Press.
  24. Fogel, L. J., A. J. Owens, and M. J. Walsh 1966. Artificial Intelligence through Simulated Evolution. Wiley, New York.
  25. Fontana, W., and L. W. Buss 1994. The arrival of the fittest. Bull. Math. Biol., 56: 1-64.
  26. Forrest, S. and M. Mitchell 1993. Towards a stronger building-block hypothesis: effects of relative building-block fitness on GA performance. Pp. 109-126 in . C. D. Whitley, ed. Foundations of Genetic Algorithms. Morgon Kaufman, Palo Alto.
  27. Foster, P. L. And J. Cairns 1992. Mechanisms of directed mutation. Genetics 131: 783-789.
  28. Frazzetta, T. H. 1975. Complex Adaptations in Evolving Populations. Sunderland, MA., Sinauer Ass. Inc.
  29. Friedberg, R. M. 1959. A learning machine. IBM Journal, Research and Development, Part II, 3: 183-191.
  30. Gimelfarb, A. 1989. Genotypic variation for a quantitative character maintained under stabilizing selection without mutation: Epistasis. Genetics 123: 217-227.
  31. Goldberg, D. E. 1989. Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning. Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley.
  32. Goodman, N. 1955. Fact, Fiction, Forecast. Indianapolis, Hackett Publ. Co.
  33. Gould, S. J. 1977. Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press.
  34. Halder, G., P. Callerts, and W. J. Gehring 1995. Induction of ectopic eyes by tageted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila. Science 267: 1788-1792.
  35. Holland, J. H. 1992. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
  36. Jones, T. 1995. Evolutionary Algorithms, Fitness Landscapes and Search. PhD Thesis, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
  37. Jones, T. and S. Forrest 1995. Fitness distance correlation as a measure of problem difficulty for genetic algorithms. In press in L. J. Eshelman, ed. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms.
  38. Kauffman, S. A. 1989. Adaptation on rugged fintess landscapes. Pp. 527-618 in D. Stein, ed. Lectures in the Science of Complexity, Vol 1. Addison-Wesley, Longman.
  39. Kingman, J. F. C. 1978. A simple model for the balance between selection and mutation. J. Applied Probability 15: 1-12.
  40. Koza, J. R. 1992. Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection. Cambridge, MA., MIT Press.
  41. Lazebnyi, O. E., A. G. Imasheva, and L. A. Zhivotovskii. 1991. Fitness of experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster under directional and stabilizing selection. Genetika 27(10): 1726-1732.
  42. Lande, R. 1975. The genetic covariance between characters maintained by pleiotropic mutation, Genetics 94:203-215.
  43. Lehmann, E. 1988. Aspects of the problem of knowledge representation. Siemens Forschungs und Entwicklungsberichte 17(2): 45-51.
  44. Lerner, I. M. 1968. Heredity, Evolution, and Society. San Francisco, W. H. Freeman.
  45. Levinton, J. 1988. Genetics, Paleontology and Macroevolution. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  46. MacKay, T. F. C., R. F. Lyman, M. S. Jackson, C. Terzian, and W. G. Hill 1992. Polygenic mutation in Drosophila melanogaster: stimates from divergence among inbred strains. Evolution 46:300-316.
  47. Maynard-Smith, J., R. Burian, S. Kauffman, P. Alberch, J. Campell, B. Goodwin, R. Lande, D. Raup and L. Wolpert 1985. Developmental constraints and evolution. Quart. Rev. Biol. 60: 265-287.
  48. Mühlenbein, H. and D. Schlierkamp-Voosen. 1995. Analysis of Selection, Mutation and Recombination in Genetic Algorithms. Pp. 142-168 in . W. Banzhaf and F. H. Eeckman, eds., Evolution as a Computational Process. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 899. Springer, Berlin,
  49. Müller, G. B. and G. P. Wagner 1991. Novelty in Evolution: Restructuring the Concept. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22: 229-256.
  50. Needham, J. 1933. On the dissociability of the fundamental processes in ontogenesis. Biol. Rev. 8: 180-223.
  51. Price, G. R. 1970. Selection and covariance. Nature 227: 520-521.
  52. Raff, R. A. and T. C. Kauffman 1983. Embryos, Genes, and Evolution. New York, Macmillan Publishing Co.
  53. Raff, R. A. In press. The shape of life. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
  54. Ray, T. S. 1992. An approach to the synthesis of life. Pp. 371-408 in C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer and S. Rasmussen, eds. Artificial Life II., Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM.
  55. Rechenberg, I. 1973. Evolutionsstrategie. Stuttgart, Friedrich Frommann Verlag.
  56. Rechenberg, I. 1994. Evolutionsstrategie '94. Stuttgart, Friedrich Frommann Verlag.
  57. Rendel, J. M. 1967. Canalization and Gene Control. New York, Logos Press, Academic Press.
  58. Rich, E. and K. Knight. 1991. Artificial Intelligence. McGraw-Hill, New York. pp. 105-130.
  59. Riedl, R. 1975. Die Ordnung des Lebendigen. Systembedingungen der Evolution. Hamburg und Berlin, Verlag Paul Parey.
  60. Rienesl, J. and G. P. Wagner 1992. Constancy and change of basipodial variation patterns: a comparative study of crested and marbled newts - Triturus cristatus, Triturus marmoratus - and their natural hybrids. J. Evol. Biol. 5: 307-324.
  61. Scharloo, W. 1987. Constraints in selection response. Pp. 125-149 in V. Loeschke, ed. Genetic Constraints on Adaptive Evolution. Springer Verl., Berlin.
  62. Scharloo, W. 1988. Selection on morphological patterns. Pp. 230-520 in G. de Jong, ed. Population Genetics and Evolution. Spinger Verl., Berlin.
  63. Scharloo, W. 1991. Canalization: Genetic and developmental aspects. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22: 65-93.
  64. Schmalhausen, I. I. 1949. Factors of Evolution. The theory of stabilizing selection. Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press.
  65. Schwefel, H.-P. 1981. Numerical Optimization of Computer Models. Chichester, Wiley.
  66. Schwenk, K. 1995. A utilitarian approach to evolutionary constraint. Zoology 98: 251-262.
  67. Simon, H. A. 1965. The architecture of complexity. General Systems 10: 63-73.
  68. Stadler, P. F. 1992. Correlation in landscapes of combinatorial optimization problems. Europhysics Letter 20 (6) 479--482.
  69. Stearns, S. C. 1993. The evolutionary links between fixed and variable traits. Acta Paleont. Polonica 38: 1-17.
  70. Stearns, S. C. and T. J. Kawecki, 1995 Fitness sensitivity and the canalization of life history traits. Evolution, 48:1438-1450.
  71. Stebbins, G. L. 1974. Flowering Pants. Evolution Above the Species Level. Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press.
  72. Turelli, M. 1988. Phenotypic evolution, constant covariances, and the maintenance of additive variance. Evolution 42: 1342-1347.
  73. Vermeij, G. J. 1970. Adaptive versatility and skeleton construction. Amer. Nat. 104: 253-260.
  74. Vermeij, G. J. 1971. Gastropod evolution and morphological diversity in relation to shell geometry. J. Zool. 163: 15-23.
  75. Vermeij, G. J. 1973. Biological versatility and earth history. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70: 1936-1938.
  76. Vermeij, G. J. 1974. Adaptation, versatility and evolution. Syst. Zool. 22: 466-477.
  77. Waddington, C. H. 1942. Canalization of development and the inheritance of acquired characters. Nature 150: 563-565.
  78. Waddington, C. H. 1957. The Strategy of the Genes. New York, MacMillan Co.
  79. Wagner, A., G. P. Wagner and P. Similion 1994. Epistasis can facilitate the evolution of reproductive isolation by peak shifts: a two-locus two-allele model. Genetics 138: 533-545.
  80. Wagner, G. P. 1981. Feedback selection and the evolution of modifiers. Acta Biotheoretica 30: 79-102.
  81. Wagner, G. P. 1989a. Multivariate mutation-selection balance with constrained pleiotropic effects. Genetics 122: 223-234.
  82. Wagner, G. P. 1989b. The origin of morphological characters and the biological basis of homology. Evolution 43: 1157-1171.
  83. Wagner, G. P. 1989c. The biological homology concept. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 51-69.
  84. Wagner, G. P. 1995a. The biological role of homologues: A building block hypothesis. N. Jb. Geol. PalŠont. Abh. 19: 279-288.
  85. Wagner, G. P. 1995b. Homologues, natural kinds and the evolution of modularity. Amer. Zool., in press.
  86. Wagner, G. P. and R. Bürger 1985. On the evolution of dominance modifiers II: a non-epuilibrium approach to the evolution of genetic systems. J. theor. Biol. 113: 475-500.
  87. Weinberger, E. D. 1991. Local Properties of Kauffman's N-k model, a tuneably rugged energy landscape. Physical Review A 44 (10): 6399-6413.
  88. Weiss, K. M. 1990. Duplication with variation: Metameric logic in evolution from genes to morphology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 33: 1-23.
  89. Winston, P. H. 1992. Artificial Intelligence, 3rd Edition. Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park. pp. 16-22.
  90. Wright, S. 1964. Stochastic processes in evolution. Pp. 199-241 in John Garland ed. Stochastic Models in Medicine and Biology. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison.
  91. Wright, S. 1968. Evolution and the genetic of populations. Vol. 1. Genetic and Biometric Foundations. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.

next up previous
Next: About this document Up: No Title Previous: Acknowledgments


Thu Oct 5 13:21:55 EDT 1995